Pineapple Under Microscope
Nancy Drew 15: The Creature of Kapu Cave
- Avocado Under Microscope
- Pineapple Cell Under Microscope
- Pineapple Under Microscope
- Pineapple Leaf Under Microscope
Wattendorf (1976) suggested that all circular sectioned raphides, as visible in a light microscope, are probably hexagonal in cross section The hexagonal crystals reported by Wattendorf in Agave americana were apparently calcium oxalate. Microscopy using polarized light shows bright opalescence with raphides. They also share many of the same symptoms, including sore throat, headache, fatigue, and fever. Because tonsillitis and strep throat are so similar, it can be difficult to tell them apart.
by Her Interactive
Walkthrough by MaGtRo October 2006
Gameplay: This point and click game comes in 2 CDs. CD1 is needed to be in the drive to play the game. Check the game setup to adjust the voice, music and special effects volume; the closed captioning and auto move selections and interface design. There are 4 choices for graphic design changes of the frame of the game screen.
The cell phone can be used to call people using the (DIR) directory button (select person and click on dial button) or as a camera by clicking on the camera button at top right of the phone. Pictures taken can be deleted.
The junior and senior level are the same except that junior level has the 'to do' checklist.
The introduction shows Nancy's room. The game manipulations and the previous cases can be reviewed on Nancy's desk. To learn about the present case, click and read the 'case file' brown folder.
The case file shows that Nancy will join with Dr. Quigley Kim, an entomologist at the Big Island in Hawaii to do field work. Nancy will take a bus to the southern coast and pick up the vehicle keys from Big Island Mike at the Immersion Excursion Center. Nancy will then drive to the rain forest by herself.
Click on the plane ticket to start the game.
At Dr. Quigley's Base Camp, watch the destruction of the equipments outside and inside the tent.
Big Mike's Excursion
Meet Big Mike: Nancy is dropped off by the bus at Big Island Mike's Immersion Excursion Center. Look at the sign left of door. Enter and talk to Big Mike. Learn about the 2 mainland young men presently at the beach.
He will not give you the keys to the vehicle until you collect shells and make a necklace. Look around and see 2 machines: The Wiki Tiki game and Big Mike's Excursion information. Both machines need credits. Click on poster left of the orange machine to see the 'Try it and Trade it' system.
Turn around and read the newspaper on the chair. It mentions about the mystery infestation that jeopardizes the pineapple crop at the Hilihili River valley. At the bottom of the newspaper, read about a security breach at the Hilihili Research Center.
Shelters-huts: Exit the building and go right. See a Shave It setup on the left and a path to the right and front. Go right and then left to see 2 shelters: one for the 'turn fishes to riches' and the other 'make jewelry' setup.
Try it and Trade it - See different baits, jewelry beads and souvenirs for sale.
Jewelry Shelter - Click on the booklet on the left to see how to make a necklace. Big Mike wants you to make an Aloha necklace. Open the shell box on the right. You do not have enough shells to make a necklace since your box only has 4 of 2 kinds of shells. Study the shells needed on the box or the picture. Go to the beach to collect some more. Turn around, right and left to the beach.
Beach: Check out the closed beach house on the left with the surfboard. Go forward to the pier and turn left to see the Hardy Boys. The phone rings. Nancy talks to Ned. Nancy abruptly ends the conversation. The Hardy Boys say that they were hired by Richard Aikens, CEO of Aikens Biotech to check if the Mapu's are both squeaky clean. Learn about Kane Okala, the rough skinned man.
After the talk with the Hardy Boys, call Ned to apologize.
Time to search for shells: Look at the pool and pick up 2 shells. Go forward to the dark sand on the beach and take one shell. Go forward to the rock under the leaning coconut tree and take one shell. Turn around, forward and left to rock with starfish to take one shell. Go diagonal right or left before the stairs to go under the pier. Go forward to the water's edge and get one shell by the driftwood. Go back up the dock and see a fishing rod at the end. Go back to the necklace making shelter.
Necklace Puzzle - Click on the booklet on the left to see how to make a necklace. Big Mike wants you to make an Aloha necklace. Study the picture of the Aloha necklace on the booklet. Open the shell box on the right.
Take a shell from the shell box and click it on one of the needles at top of the strings.
Follow the pattern on the picture to the left. When correctly done, Nancy will say it's done and the necklace is placed in the box.
Go back to Big Mike. He keeps the necklace. Before he allows you to take the keys, he warns about Kane Okala and the Hilihili research people. Take the keys. Talk to Big Mike about the pineapple crop problem learned from the newspaper. Exit and go to the yellow jeep at the road.
Camp Quigley
Click on Camp Quigley on the map. See the bridge destroyed. The jeep got stuck on the ditch. Listen to message from Joe. See the camp destroyed.
Check the camp: Check the solar panel at base of the tree.
Check the tape recorder left of the solar panel. Rewound the tape and then click on right arrow to listen to Dr. Quigley. On March 28th, Dr. Quigley is opening her chest while recording. Hear Blee, blah, blih, bluh, bluh, blah, blah, blue of the chest being opened.
Check the winch and the cable end of the winch right of the solar panel.
Tent: Enter the tent and see a mess. Check the radio on the left. Take the yellow note sticking out of the green folder on the right. QK is at frequency of 18.305. Check the radio and click on power button to see that there's no power. Look around and see the work bench with broken test tubes.
Turn around and see a green chest left of tent door.
Green chest - Interesting lock. Press each button to hear what sound each button makes.
Based on the clue from Dr. Quigley's tape recorder, press the button to make the sequence: Blee, blah, blih, bluh, bluh, blah, blah, blue.
Solution: From left to right, starting on top, press 6 4 5 1 1 4 4 and 3.
Read 3 pages of QK journal and learn all about Malachi Herbert Craven. Take note of 312 555-9634.
Take the hook and the Hilihili security pass level 3.
Before exiting the tent, turn right and see a clipboard hidden between the boxes.
Jeep: It's time to get the jeep out of the ditch.
Get the jeep out of the ditch - Go to the winch and attach the hook taken from the chest to the hanging cable left of the machine. The cable might need to be lowered to eye level. Use the buttons on the winch to lower it.
Click-take the attached hook and click it on the handle at the bumper of the jeep.
Press the red button of the winch. There, it's out of the ditch.
Green arrow - hook on cable. Red arrow - the red button that raises the cable. Yellow arrow - yellow button that lowers the cable.
Solar power: Open it and Nancy will say that it is what powers the radio. Some of the photovoltaic cells are missing. Now is time to look for some.
Hilihili Research Facility
Click on jeep and then the Hilihili Research Facility on the map. Look close at call stand left of the gate. Swipe the security card on the slot.
Meet Dr. Craven: Talk to Malachi Craven, head of the Facility. Nancy gets a decent conversation with Dr. Craven. He will give photovoltaic cells if you harvest some seeds for him. He is allergic to the plant. He gives a container for the viable seeds.
Harvest viable seeds - Turn right and go forward until the bottom of the stairs. Go right, forward until the windows and turn right to the plants on a trellis.
Read the note at top right. Viable seeds have a rich brown color and a distinctive white splotch.
Click on a pod and then open it to look for viable seeds. Collect 12 viable seeds. If there's none, close the pod or pull back.
Go back up the stairs and talk to Dr. Craven. The photovoltaic cells are given. Go down and exit through the door on the left of the stairs.
Camp Quigley
Solar Panel: Go to the solar panel at base of tree.
Solar panel cells - Open the solar panel and see the new photovoltaic cells numbered 1-9 on the right.
The aim of the puzzle is to place these cells on the correct empty slots of the solar panel.
Each quadrant with missing cells should have cells 1-9.
Check which numbers are missing from each quadrant and place it on the slots. The light will turn green when a connection is made. There it's working.
Let's raise the solar panel - Attach the hook at end of winch cable to the handle of the solar panel. Press the red button of the winch. The solar panel is raised to the tree top.
Radio: Enter the tent and go to the radio. Review the yellow note in the green folder on the right.
Calling Dr. Quigley - Press the power button on top left. Using the left knob enter the numbers. Move to the next red readout using the right knob.
Enter frequency of 18.305. Then go to the microphone and pick it up to talk to Dr. Quigley.
The location of where she is and what she wants are unintelligible.
Find out where Dr. Quigley is located: Call the Hardy Boys using the cell phone. Talk to Joe and he will try to find out what-where Green Trigger Rock is.
As Joe Hardy:
Enter the building and talk to Big Mike. He gives the light brown shell collection box. You have to see Pua when there's anything to trade. Big Mike will take time off if he gets 6 Uluas. He gives a Zippy bait and fish basket to help catch the fishes.
Exit the building and turn right. Whoa, earthquake. Go to the beach and on the way talk to Pua, Big Mike's daughter.
Collect seashells on the beach at the same places Nancy found shells: rock by starfish, pool, black part of beach, rock under the tree and under the pier. Then go up to the end of the pier and fish.
Fish - Click on the fishing rod. Click on bait jar and the bait will automatically be attached to the hook. Isn't that grand - no icky fingers.
Click the up cursor on top of screen. Click on a spot on top of screen to automatically cast the rod.
Place cursor on the fishing rod to get it active and watch the bobbin. When the bobbin sinks (usually after bobbing up-down 10 times), immediately click on the rod.
Collect as many fishes you can catch. This will ensure more Big Island bucks. The best spot for the expensive Uluas are at top right area.
Go shell collecting before going back to Big Mike. On the way, talk to Pua again.
Talk to Big Mike at the building. Go to Pua and hear Big Mike drive away. Pua will trade the fishes for Big Island bucks.The amount can be seen by placing the cursor on top of the wallet at bottom of screen.
Avocado Under Microscope
Search the office: Check the calendar and read the note about 'JK'. Take the key on top of the calendar. Go to the door behind the reception desk. Use the key to unlock the door. Open the 4th from top drawer and see a map. The place Nancy asked for is Three Finger Rock. He gives the coordinates: North at 19 deg, 24 hrs, 42 min and west at 155 degrees, 9 hrs, 1 min. Joe calls Nancy and left the message. Ouch! Joe is clobbered.
As Nancy at Camp Quigley
3 Fingers Rock: Nancy receives the message about the coordinates.
Place 3 Finger Rock on map - Ride the jeep and enter (type in, then tab, type...) the coordinates given: N 19, 24', 42' and W 155, 09', 01'.
Click on white arrow. Click on 3 Finger Rock on the map.
Dr. Quigley, I presume: Nice 3 Fingers (or toes) are seen on the right. Go forward, cross a hanging bridge and forward until the dead end. On the way, take note of different colored flags on side of the path. We'll check that later. Hear whispering sounds on the way.
Look up and see Dr. Quigley humming, whistling and hanging up the tree. Talk to Dr. Kim. Where's the clipboard?
Go back to the Camp Quigley. Enter the tent, turn around to face the tent door and turn right. Take the clipboard.
Go back to 3 Fingers Rock and give the clipboard to Quigley. She wants you to collect all the frass jars and baggies.
Clipboard assignments - Study the clipboard in inventory. There are 6 colored traps. Turn the pages to read more. The plants around the traps should be identified. Then sort and record the contents of the frass baggies. The last is to analyze the samples.
Identify the plants - Walk away from the tree and call the Hardy Boys for help on this one. Frank answers and get Nancy up to date.
Frank at Big Mikes
Enter the building. Pick up the pawn shop invoice on the floor. Talk to Big Mike. Go to the monitor left of the desk.
Big Mike's Immersion Excursion - Click once on the slot to automatically enter a Big Island coin and activate the information monitor.
Look close and select Hawaiian plants. Click on the turtle on the right to scroll through all the plants shown.
Return to menu, click 'yes' and pull back. Exit the building and call Nancy with the result.
Nancy at 3 Fingers Rock
The info given by Frank is at the case journal.
Collecting frass jars and its contents - When Frank called, Nancy is at the start of the path. Walk the path and watch for those colored flags.
1. Turn to the flag, study and identify the vegetation around the trap using Frank's description. Enter the plant ID on the clipboard using the numbers at the bottom of the page.
2. Then take a colored baggie hanging on left leg of the trap.
3. Click the baggie on the collection funnel of the trap to get the samples.
4. Click to place it in inventory.
Do this to all the colored flags on the path until Quigley's tree.
There are red (big green leaves), blue (bananas), yellow (half flowers) and purple (sickle shaped leaves) traps.
Kapu Cave - Check the second page of the clipboard and it shows the coordinates to 2 traps at Kapu Cave.
Go back to the jeep and enter N 19, 20', 30' and W 155, 05' 33'. Click white arrow.
Check-collect the green trap by the jeep and the orange trap close to the cave entrance. No vegetation to be seen.
Enter and check out Kapu cave. Look around at the statues and the panels (teeth) with animals etchings on the face at the end of the cave. There's nothing to do here at the moment. Go back to Camp Quigley to finish assignment.
Camp Quigley: Go to the microscope bench inside the tent. Look through the scope and see that the lens is broken. Where can I find a spare lens around here?
Hilihili Research Facility
Use the jeep to go to Hilihili. Use the button on the call stand to 'press for assistance'. Nancy is sooo diplomatic.
Dr. Craven says that to get a microscope lens, you need to fertilize the plants below. You are given a key to the enclosure.
Go right from Dr. Craven, forward, right and down the stairs. Turn right and go forward twice. Turn right and see an enclosure right of the steps.
Fertilizing - Use the key given by Dr. Craven on the keyhole. Click to turn the key and see the plants that need to be fertilized.
There are 7 colored fertilizer vats on the top. Click to select one and the arrow will move to the right.
Press the green button on the right to spread that fertilizer.
The aim of the puzzle is to get all the flowers in complete bloom and Nancy will say 'that should do it'.
See that the 5 plants are for better or for worse affected by the fertilizer. Study the effects of each fertilizer alone or in combination with other fertilizer or double application.
Solution - Numbered from left to right: click on 6 (orange), 2 (aqua), 2 (aqua) and 1 (green). Press the green button to spread the fertilizer in between selections.
Go back up to Dr. Craven to get the microscope lens. Go back down to exit and hear him scream about Fiderman. Fiderman is fired. Exit and go back to the Camp.
Camp Quigley
Go to the microscope bench and use the lens on the microscope.
Sorting and weighing frass
1. Check the third page of the clipboard to learn what the seeds, insect parts and frass look like.
2. Click a colored baggie on the microscope.
3. Sort the contents by click hold drop the seeds and insect parts to left side. This will leave only the frass on the pan.
4. Enter the weight of the frass as seen on the read out on the first page of the clipboard.
5. Count the numbers of seeds, the number of insect parts and number of frass.
6. Enter the number of seeds on the first page of the clipboard.
7. Use the codes on page 4 of the clipboard to get the detritus predominance.
8. Enter the detritus predominance code on the first page of the clipboard.
9. Do this to all the colored baggies.
Analysis number - Enter all the data on the first page of the clipboard.
Insert the clipboard on the Formula machine right of the test tubes by clicking on the slot and the clipboard will automatically be inserted.
Click on the on button on the right.
119,456. All right. Turn the machine off and take the clipboard. Go to Quigley.
3 Fingers Rock
Talk to Quigley twice. The next assignment is to analyze the frass to find out what they have been eating. She also wants you to get in Craven's plant area to get a comparison sample that might be the source of food.
Hilihili Research Facility
Use the call button and talk to Dr. Craven.
After a brief conversation, go down and go forward to the lockers. Go forward to the door at the end and enter. Ooops - you need a protective suit?
Go back up to Dr. Craven and see that he is asleep. He finally took his antihistamine. Check the lab coat's pocket hanging left of his. Oh my! It's the missing clipboard paper. Go to his desk and see the medicine he took.
PDA - Click on the PDA on Craven's desk. It will buzz if you click to check info. If Craven wakes up - you're busted! Second chance time.
Silence the PDA - As soon as you take the PDA, click on settings at top right. Click on the 'mute' square at bottom right. Now, we can check the PDA.
Employees - Click on the employees tab at top left and scroll to look for the fired employee - Fiderman. Learn that his employee number is 14-667-93.
Lockers - Click on the lockers tab at middle top of screen. Scroll to look for employee #14-667-93. His locker number is 13 and the locker combination is R4 L2 L7 R9.
Go down the stairs and go forward to the lockers.
Locker - Go to Locker 13. Enter the combination seen from the PDA.
Turn the dial arrow R or clockwise to 4, click on green button on top, L or counterclockwise to 2, click on green button on top, L or counterclockwise to 7, click on green button on top, R or clockwise to 9 and click on green button on top.
Take the yellow suit.
Greenhouse:
Go to the door at end of area. If you go in without a suit, you will be asked to leave. Click the yellow suit in inventory, click on the door and see through the goggles of the yellow outfit.
Computer search of plant - Go to the back wall of the area and enter through the door.
Use the computer. Using your keyboard, type in Fiderman's employee's number - 1466793. Press enter key of your keyboard.
Click on Shipping tab. Wow - Fiderman shipped Fer C21 to Richard Aiken - the Hardy Boys' employer.
Click on Extract Codes to find out which plant is the source of Fer C21. It is HH3333.
Exit the computer and alarm is out for an intruder. That's you! Immediately, exit the door and turn right to hide. If caught, second chance - be fast from computer to exit and right.
HH3333 - Go back to the plant just outside of the computer room door and see pineapples planted on the HH3333 plat.
Click on plant to get a pineapple leaf sample.
Exit the greenhouse - To get out of the room, hide using the green fog that is sprayed throughout the greenhouse.
Turn around from the pineapple plants and go forward to right wall.
Go forward to the front wall and see Waverly patrolling the aisle where the exit door is.
Follow him a bit and then turn left to the middle plant area aisle.
Go forward and see another suited man spraying that green fog. Wait until he goes to the right and walk forward to back wall.
Turn right to go to left wall. See that same man spraying. When he turns back to the middle aisle, go forward to the front wall.
See Waverly's back. Follow him and midway, exit through the door on the left. Go back to Camp Quigley.
Camp Quigley
Go to the test tube bench in the tent.
Analyze the samples - Read the last page of the clipboard for instructions.
Click a frass baggie of any color on the table. See the baggie and the pineapple sample on the table.
Click the baggie at bottom right to see the frass in a test tube.
Click on Bq19 and click the dropper on the test tube with the frass sample. It turns blue.
Click the pineapple sample on the table. See it in a test tube.
Click on Bq19 and click the dropper on the test tube with the pineapple sample.
They do not match. Better tell Quigley.
Talk to Quigley at 3 Fingers Rock. Take the samples from her backpack and go back to the Camp to analyze the samples.
At the tent, click the samples on the table close to the Bq19.
Pineapple Cell Under Microscope
Click on each sample and add Bq19 to the test tube containing the sample.
Find out that the Fritillated flag beetle larva is a match.
Talk to Quigley at 3 Fingers Rock. Fame and fortune are elusive. Open the backpack to get the ring from Kapu Cave found by Quigley.
Kapu Cave
Enter Kapu Cave and go forward to the big face with etched teeth at the end of the cave. Look up to the nose. Use the ring on the nose. It activates the teeth puzzle.
We need more info here. Call the Hardy Boys.
Frank at Big Mike's
Continue investigation
Talk to Pua. You need 30 Big Island bucks to rent snorkeling equipment. If you do snorkel now, there are some nice shells down underwater.
Call Nancy. Then get Nancy to call Frank to tell him about Richard Aikens. Now back to Frank's snooping here at Big Mike's.
Use the cell phone and call the pawnbroker. Find out about Johnny Kuto. Side info - kuto means head lice in local dialect. Get the phone number and more info.
Call Johnny Kuto and leave a message. Walk around a bit and get a call back from Johnny. Ah - Big Mike!
Talk to Pua again about her dad. Learn about the chamber and that the earthquake blocked the tunnel entrance. There's a chart at the old trunk that can help know the current to the underwater entrance to the chamber. The trunk code is the name of Mike's favorite shave ice.
Talk to Big Mike at the building. He wants you to find out what his favorite shaved ice is.
Shave Ice - Go to shave ice stand outside. Save game here to save money buying shave ice.
1. Open the ice lid on the right. Click coin on ice to get a scoop of ice.
2. Take a fruit syrup bottle on the left and click it on one side of the ice.
3. Take another fruit syrup and click it at center of ice.
4. Take a third fruit syrup and click it on the other end of the ice.
5. Give the shaved ice to Big Mike and he will tell you how many flavors are there that he liked.
6. Repeat this with other combinations until you learn which one Big Mike's favorite shave ice flavor.
You can go back to your saved game so that you save money.
Hint: Make one of all 3 the middle fruit syrup. Then make one from the right fruit syrup bottles.
Solution - Use middle fruit syrup at the first row (mango) and second row (coconut). Then add the last syrup (lime) at right row.
Mike calls that combination - Honi 'awa which means sour kiss.
Old trunk - Exit the building and go to the patio right of the shave ice stand.
Look close at the chest. Enter the shave ice name by using the arrows to scroll through the letters - Honi 'awa.
Take the chart. Frank calls Nancy about the teeth.
Kapu Cave and Nancy
Go to the teeth.
Teeth puzzle - Now that the ring is placed on the nose of the face, the teeth puzzle is activated.
The animals mentioned by Frank are: eel, turtle, shark, manta ray, porcupine fish, octopus, crab and urchin.
Turn the teeth to show all the animals mentioned by Frank.
Hint: Check the chart taken by Frank and the sequence is the same except for the top first two animals.
Arrange the teeth: Top row left to right: Shark, eel, turtle and octopus. Bottom row: Porcupine fish, crab, urchin and manta ray.
The teeth recede.
Nancy calls Frank to tell him that she's entering the secret path. Enter and the door closes behind Nancy.
Lava path: Go forward, jumping from one section to another and see lava below the path. Click on the statues. One of them will stick his tongue out to get a ledge out to the other side. Go forward.
Elements path - Go forward and hear trickling water. Look left and see dripping water. Continue forward and hear whistling wind. Turn right and see a statue blowing air. Continue forward and hear sizzling fire. Click on the red lid on the left and fire will shoot up. Climb the stairs to the right and hear crumbling rock. Look right to the shelf.
Elements puzzle - Climb the stairs and see a turtle with drawings etched on his back.
Planking the turtle are 2 statues that can be bad for your health if you enter the wrong answer.
Click on the drawings that correspond to the sequence of the 4 elements passed at the path below.
If wrong, the statues blows poison dart - second chance time.
Solution - Click on top right (water), then air (below right), middle fire and falling rocks on the left.
Nancy falls down to another chamber.
Story puzzle - Cross the bridge or use the ledge at right to get to the story blocks at the other end of the chamber.
Look up at where the eyes are focused on. There's a big, really big boulder up there. Better not make a mistake here or we're pancake.
The aim of the puzzle is to place the numbered dice at top right on the empty square of the correct story blocks to make the story sequence.
Hint: Look at the growth of the palm tree.
The story starts by depicting an island with a volcano. A turtle arrives in the island and stays for a while. After laying 4 eggs, the turtle leaves but the volcano is now active. The volcano erupts. Two eggs are hatched and the 2 baby turtles swim away.
Place the numbered dice on the correct slot, if correct see the boulder stopped for a while by the activated statue.
Note that the eyes now look toward right. Immediately turn right and be out of the way of the stalled boulder.
Frank at Big Mike's
Earn money - Frank needs money to rent the suit. You can either make necklaces or fish.
Buy Zippy fish bait from the shelter across the necklace area.
Go to the beach either to fish or collect shells and hear the Mike and Pua quarrel.
There are 16 baits in each Zippy jar. Hopefully you can catch the expensive ones.
After fishing or making necklaces, talk to Pua.
Pineapple Under Microscope
Rent the snorkeling equipment for 30 Big Island bucks. Take the bag.
Go to the building if you still have money. Let's try to play the Wiki Tiki game.
Wiki Tiki game - This puzzle is not necessary for the completion of the game.
Take note of which god defeats another as seen on the machine.
Click on slot to place credits.
To activate the war of the gods, alternatively click on the white buttons on the left to get the lights to reach the Tiki top.
Then select the god you want to fight against the computer's choice.
I won 4 games against one of the computer to get a shark's tooth that can be used for necklace making.
Snorkel: Time to snorkel. Go to the beach where there's a dark area on the sand. Face the water and click to dive in. Go forward until a split on forward direction. To the right is a nice shell under a turtle. Go left and see a stand with the eel.
Go with the current - Click in sequence on the animals seen in the chart: click on the eel, go through entrance, shark, turtle, octopus, porcupine fish, crab, urchin and manta ray. The current will suck you to the next animal after each correct click. Whoaa!
Cave: Go forward and see the runaway boulder that Nancy sidestepped destroy the bridge. Climb the bridge and go around the ledge to the left.
See the story block puzzle. Climb up above the story block to where the boulder was.
Go forward and see a decorated door. Press the button on the right. Enter and see a big chamber.
Tile chamber - See statues at each corner of the tiled floor. There's another stair across the chamber. Go down and look around. The side stair is destroyed on one side and the door on the other side is broken by the earthquake.
Look close at the crates with canisters that are completely covered by Fritillated flag beetles.
Aha! See Big Mike and then Pua. Listen to them and learn about their plan. Nancy sees them from above.
Tile puzzle - This is a random puzzle.
The object is to jump to another tile until Frank reaches the stairs behind Big Mike and before Big Mike reaches the other stairs where Pua is standing.
Doing the second chance makes the next attempt easier. Good luck.
See you at Nancy Drew 16: The White Wolf of Icicle Creek
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For Questions or Comments on this Walkthrough,
Please write to: MaGtRo
Copyright © 10/2006 MaGtRo
Raphides (pronounced /ˈræfɪˌdiz/, singular raphide /ˈreɪfʌɪd/ or raphis) are needle-shaped crystals of calcium oxalate monohydrate (prismaticmonoclinic crystals) or calcium carbonate as aragonite (dipyramidalorthorhombic crystals), found in more than 200 families of plants.Both ends are needle-like, but raphides tend to be blunt at one end and sharp at the other.
Calcium oxalate in plants[edit]
Many plants accumulate calcium oxalate crystals in response to surplus calcium, which is found throughout the natural environment. The crystals are produced in an intriguing variety of shapes. The crystal morphology depends on the taxonomic group of the plant. In one study of over 100 species, it was found that calcium oxalate accounted for 6.3% of plant dry weight.[1] Crystal morphology and the distribution of raphides (in roots or leaves or tubers etc.) is similar in some taxa but different in others leaving possible opportunities for plant key characteristics and systematic identification; mucilage in raphide containing cells makes light microscopy difficult, though. Little is known about the mechanisms of sequestration or indeed the reason for accumulation of raphides but it is most likely as a defense mechanism against herbivory. It has also been suggested that in some cases raphides may help form plant skeletal structure. Raphides typically occur in parenchyma cells in aerial organs especially the leaves, and are generally confined to the mesophyll. As the leaf area increases, so does the number of raphides, the process starting in even young leaves. The first indications that the cell will contain crystals is shown when the cells enlarge with a larger nucleus.[2]
Raphides are found in specialized plant cells or crystal chambers called idioblasts.[3] Electron micrographs have shown that raphide needle crystals are normally four sided or H-shaped (with a groove down both sides) or with a hexagonal cross section and some are barbed. Wattendorf (1976) suggested that all circular sectioned raphides, as visible in a light microscope, are probably hexagonal in cross section[4] The hexagonal crystals reported by Wattendorf in Agave americana were apparently calcium oxalate.[5]
Microscopy using polarized light shows bright opalescence with raphides.
Plants like Tradescantia pallida also accumulate calcium oxalate crystals in response to heavy metals stress.
Pineapple Leaf Under Microscope
Harmful effects[edit]
Raphides can produce severe toxic reactions by facilitating the passage of toxin through the herbivore's skin when the tissue containing the raphides also contains toxins. The lethal dose to mice is around 15 mg/kg.[6] Raphides seem to be a defense mechanism against plant predators,[7] as they are likely to tear and harm the soft tissues of the throat or esophagus of a plant predator chewing on the plant's leaves.[8][9] The venomous process is in two stages: mechanical pricking and injection of harmful protease. Typically ingestion of plants containing raphides, like those common in certain houseplants, can cause immediate numbing followed shortly by painful edema, vesicle formation and dysphagia accompanied by painful stinging and burning to the mouth and throat with symptoms occurring for up to two weeks.[10] Airway assessment and management are of the highest priority, as are extensive irrigation and analgesics in eye exposure.
Raphides cannot normally be destroyed by boiling; that requires an acidic environment or chemical solvents like ether. Plants containing large amounts of raphides are generally acrid and unpalatable. However, it is not always possible to detect the presence of raphides through taste alone. In some tubers such as Indian turnip which contain large quantities of raphides, the roots are not unpalatable when cooked because the raphides are bound within a matrix of starch which prevents the tongue from sensing their presence. Some other plants store raphides in mucilaginous environments and also do not taste acrid.[3]
Plants containing raphides[edit]
Common names vary. The following list is incomplete. Raphides are found in many species in the families Araceae and Commelinaceae, but are also found in a few species in a number of other families.
Actinidiaceae:
- Actinidia (Kiwifruit)
Amaranthaceae:
- Beta (Beets, Swiss Chard)
- Spinacia (Spinach)
Araceae:
- Alocasia (Baibing in NE India)
- Arisaema (Cobra Lily)
- Arum (Cuckoopint)
- Caladium (Angel wings)
- Colocasia (Taro, Cocoyam, Eddoe)
- Dieffenbachia (Dumb Cane)
- Epipremnum (Devil's Ivy, Pothos)
- Monstera (Swiss Cheese Plant)
- Philodendron (Elephant Ears)
- Spathiphyllum (Peace Lily)
- Zantedeschia (Calla Lily)
Araliaceae:
- Brassaia (Umbrella Tree)
Arecaceae:
- Caryota (Fishtail Palm)
- Hyophorbe verschaffeltii (Spindle palm)
Asparagaceae:
- Agave (Agave)
- Chlorophytum orchidastrum (Green Orange)
Bromeliaceae:
- Ananas comosus (Pineapple)
Commelinaceae:
- Commelina (Dayflower)
- Tradescantia (Wandering Jew)
Onagraceae:
- Fuchsia (Fuchsia)
Polygonaceae:
- Rheum rhabarbarum (Rhubarb)
Rubiaceae:
Vitaceae:
- Parthenocissus quinquefolia (Virginia creeper)
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Webb, M. A. (1999). 'Cell-Mediated Crystallization of Calcium Oxalate in Plants'. The Plant Cell Online. 11 (4): 751–761. doi:10.1105/tpc.11.4.751. PMC144206. PMID10213791.
- ^Horner Jr, H. T.; Whitmoyer, R. E. (1972). 'Raphide crystal cell development in leaves of Psychotria punctata (Rubiaceae)'(PDF). Journal of Cell Science. 11 (2): 339–55. PMID4342516.
- ^ abWeber, R. A. (1891). 'Raphides, the Cause of the Acridity of Certain Plants'. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 13 (7): 215–217. doi:10.1021/ja02124a034. Also, doi:10.1038/scientificamerican11211891-13242csupp
- ^Wattendorff, Joachim (1976). 'A third type of raphide crystal in the plant kingdom: Six-sided raphides with laminated sheaths in Agave americana L'. Planta. 130 (3): 303–11. doi:10.1007/BF00387837. PMID24424644. S2CID22882070.
- ^According to this abstract in the FDA Poisonous Plant DatabaseAgave americana contains calcium oxalate crystals, acrid oils, saponins, and other compounds.
- ^Wu, H; Zhong, L. Y. (2008). 'Study on irritation of calcium oxalate crystal in Araceae plants'. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi (in Chinese). 33 (4): 380–4. PMID18533491.
- ^Arnott, H. J.; Webb, M. A. (2000). 'Twinned Raphides of Calcium Oxalate in Grape (Vitis): Implications for Crystal Stability and Function'. International Journal of Plant Sciences. 161 (1): 133–142. doi:10.1086/314230. JSTOR3080127. PMID10648203.
- ^'Animal Poison Control Center: Taro'. ASPCA.
- ^'Plant poisoning -- Calcium oxalate crystals'. Right Diagnosis from Healthgrades.
- ^Watson, John T.; Jones, Roderick C.; Siston, Alicia M.; Diaz, Pamela S.; Gerber, Susan I.; Crowe, John B.; Satzger, R. Duane (2005). 'Outbreak of Food-borne Illness Associated with Plant Material Containing Raphides'. Clinical Toxicology. 43 (1): 17–21. doi:10.1081/CLT-44721. PMID15732442. S2CID388923.